Hypothyroidism – when the thyroid gland slows down

The thyroid gland is the body's own engine for metabolism. When it doesn't produce enough hormones, the system runs at a low speed, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, feeling cold, depressed mood and weight gain. Hypothyroidism is one of the most common hormonal disorders and affects people of all ages, but is especially common in women.

Because thyroid hormones affect almost all body functions, hypothyroidism can lead to a variety of problems. The symptoms often come on insidiously, making it easy to get used to them or dismiss them as part of everyday stress.

How do you know you have hypothyroidism?

Signs of hypothyroidism can be subtle at first but become more obvious over time. Many people experience constant fatigue, feeling cold and mental fog. The skin may become dry, the hair thins, and weight gain may occur despite unchanged eating habits. Other symptoms may include constipation, low heart rate, and facial swelling.

Because the symptoms are often diffuse, a blood test to measure TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and T4 (thyroxine) is the best way to determine if the thyroid gland is functioning normally.

Why does hypothyroidism occur?

The most common cause is an autoimmune reaction in which the body's own immune system attacks the thyroid gland, leading to a slow breakdown of its function. This is called Hashimoto's disease. Other causes may include iodine deficiency, certain medications, previous treatment for hyperthyroidism, or a congenital defect in thyroid function.

Pregnancy and menopause are also periods when thyroid hormones can change, which can trigger hypothyroidism in some people.

How is hypothyroidism treated?

Treatment is simple but lifelong. Most people receive a synthetic version of the thyroid hormone levothyroxine (Levaxin) that replaces the body's own production. With the right dosage, most people can live a normal life without symptoms.

It often takes a few weeks before the effect of the treatment is noticeable, and the dose may need to be adjusted over time. Regular blood tests are important to ensure that hormone levels are balanced.

Can hypothyroidism be prevented?

In most cases, the disease cannot be prevented, but making sure you get enough iodine is an important factor. Iodine is found naturally in fish, shellfish, dairy products and iodized salt. For those who have a diet low in iodine, such as vegans, supplements may be an option.

When should you test your thyroid?

If you are experiencing fatigue, unexplained weight change, difficulty concentrating or other symptoms that may be linked to the thyroid, a blood test can provide answers. The test measures TSH and free T4 to determine if the thyroid is functioning normally.

Detecting and treating hypothyroidism early can make a big difference in your quality of life and reduce the risk of long-term health problems. If you suspect that your thyroid is not functioning properly, don't hesitate to get tested.

Your body's warning signs

Hypothyroidism often develops gradually, making it difficult to identify in time. Here are the symptoms you shouldn't ignore:

• Chronic fatigue – despite getting enough sleep.
• Unexplained weight gain – despite unchanged eating habits.
• Chills – you feel cold when others don't.
• Dry, lifeless skin and hair – your nails may also become brittle.
• Depressed mood and depression – your mood is affected.
• Slow heart rate – your pulse may drop.
• Brain fog – difficulty concentrating and forgetfulness.
• Swelling – especially in the face.
• Stomach upset and constipation – digestion stops.

If Left untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to serious complications such as heart problems, infertility, and myxedema – a life-threatening form of hypothyroidism.

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?

To detect hypothyroidism, blood tests are analyzed to check levels of thyroid hormones and the regulating hormone TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). The most important tests are:

• TSH – elevated in primary hypothyroidism.
• Free T4 – low levels indicate deficiency.
• Free T3 – may be normal in early stages but decreases in more severe hypothyroidism.
• TPO antibodies – indicates autoimmune hypothyroidism, such as Hashimoto's disease.

Getting your thyroid tested on time can help you regain energy, improve your well-being, and prevent serious health problems.