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S-alpha-Tocopherol is the primary form of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative stress and support the immune system. The analysis is important in cases of suspected deficiency, toxicity, or malabsorption.

Standard bicarbonate (B-) is an important biomarker used to assess the body's acid-base balance and identify metabolic disorders. It is part of the blood gas analysis and can help differentiate between metabolic and respiratory influences on pH balance. By measuring standard bicarbonate, healthcare professionals can obtain valuable information about conditions such as metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, which is crucial in the investigation of kidney and metabolic diseases.

Bilirubin is a waste product that is formed as a result of the breakdown of hemoglobin, the red blood pigment, in the body. Here you will learn more about bilirubin and what high and low levels can mean.

B-Hb, fetal (HbF) measures the level of fetal hemoglobin in the blood. The analysis is important in the investigation of thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and other hemoglobinopathies, and is included in the Hemoglobin Fractions test.

B-Hemoglobin A2 is an important marker in the investigation of hereditary blood diseases such as β-thalassemia. The analysis is part of the Hemoglobin Fractions test and provides valuable information about the hemoglobin composition of the blood.

CK-MB (creatine kinase MB) is a more heart-specific fraction of the enzyme creatine kinase and is used to assess heart muscle damage, for example in suspected myocardial infarction. Elevated levels may indicate cardiac involvement but are always interpreted together with symptoms, ECG findings, and often troponin levels.

Conjugated bilirubin is the water-soluble form of bilirubin that has been processed in the liver and is excreted via the bile. The analysis is primarily used to assess bile flow and the liver's excretory capacity.

Creatine kinase is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the body's muscles. Creatine kinase is found in the brain, heart, skeletal muscles, and other body tissues.

The amount of C-peptide in the blood is used to measure the insulin production of the pancreas and helps in the classification of diabetes and treatment choices.

Diamine oxidase (DAO) is an enzyme that breaks down histamine in the body. A high or low value can indicate various health problems such as histamine intolerance.

Erythrocyte morphology is a laboratory analysis that focuses on evaluating the appearance and shape of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a peripheral blood smear. It is used as a complementary test to the complete blood count (e.g., Hb, MCV, MCH) to diagnose and assess various forms of anemia, bone marrow disorders, and other hematologic conditions.

Pepsinogen is a biomarker used to assess gastric function and health, especially in cases of suspected atrophic gastritis, gastric cancer, and Helicobacter pylori-related lesions.

Glucose is a type of sugar that provides energy and comes from food. Insulin helps move glucose from the blood into the cells. Blood sugar is the level of glucose in the blood and can be high or low. Diabetes affects blood sugar levels and causes high blood sugar.

HBsAg, or Hepatitis B surface antigen, is a crucial marker in the diagnosis and monitoring of Hepatitis B infections. This antigen plays a key role in identifying and understanding the presence of the disease.

Lactose intolerance is caused by a lack of the enzyme lactase, which means that lactose is not broken down in the small intestine but is fermented in the large intestine. This can cause bloating, gas and diarrhea after consuming dairy products. The condition affects approximately 5–10% of the Swedish population, while up to 90% of the population in some parts of the world lack the ability to break down lactose in adulthood.

LDL/HDL ratio is an important measurement value for assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It is the ratio of "bad" LDL cholesterol to "good" HDL cholesterol in the blood, where a high ratio indicates an increased risk of disease.

P-Lead is a critical biomarker that helps us understand and manage the risks of lead exposure and potential lead poisoning. By being aware of lead sources and taking steps to reduce exposure, we can effectively protect our health.

Leukocyte morphology is an important microscopic analysis method used to evaluate the appearance and maturity of white blood cells in a blood smear. By examining morphological changes in the leukocytes, one can identify signs of infection, inflammation, vitamin deficiency, drug effects, or serious blood diseases such as leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.

Lipase is an enzyme necessary for fat metabolism, which breaks down triglycerides in digestion and adipose tissues. Analysis of P-Lipas is mainly carried out to diagnose pancreas-related conditions such as pancreatitis. Elevated lipase levels may indicate acute pancreatitis, which can cause intense abdominal pain, nausea, and fever, and requires medical evaluation.

Metanephrines are stable breakdown products of the body's stress hormones (catecholamines) such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. They are used in healthcare to investigate suspected hormone-producing tumors, primarily pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Elevated levels can be linked to symptoms such as high blood pressure, palpitations, sweating and headaches, while normal values ​​strongly suggest against these conditions.

Methoxyadrenaline is a breakdown product of adrenaline, one of the body's most important stress hormones. The marker is used in healthcare to assess adrenaline production and is particularly relevant in cases of suspected hormone-producing tumors such as pheochromocytoma. Elevated levels may be associated with symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, anxiety and increases in blood pressure, often in attacks.

Methoxynoradrenaline is a breakdown product of noradrenaline, a stress hormone that primarily regulates blood pressure and vascular tone. The marker is analyzed in cases of suspicion of hormone-producing tumors such as pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma, especially in cases of persistent or difficult-to-treat high blood pressure. Elevated levels may indicate chronic or uncontrolled noradrenaline production.

Methoxytyramine is a breakdown product of dopamine and is used as a complementary marker in the investigation of hormone-producing tumors, primarily paragangliomas. Elevated levels may indicate dopamine-dominated catecholamine production and are particularly relevant in genetically determined or rarer tumor forms.

Methyl malonate (MMA) is a substance in the body that helps break down certain fats and proteins. It is part of a process called the Krebs cycle, which is important for the body to be able to produce energy. An analysis of MMA is often used to investigate whether there is a deficiency of vitamin B12. The MMA concentration in the blood increases when there is not enough B12.

Non-HDL cholesterol, also known as non-HDL cholesterol, is an important marker for assessing the risk of heart disease. It represents a total amount of cholesterol particles in the blood that can promote the formation of plaques in the blood vessels.

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme that is important for the body's digestive ability when digesting carbohydrates. The enzyme is produced in the pancreas and is used to break down starch into small sugar molecules.

PEth (phosphatidylethanol) is a metabolite of alcohol in the form of a membrane-bound phospholipid, which acts as a direct and specific marker of alcohol intake during the last days and weeks.

Platelet morphology is a microscopic examination of the shape, size, and structure of platelets in a blood smear. This analysis makes it possible to detect abnormalities that may affect coagulation and bleeding tendency, which is particularly important when investigating unexplained bleeding, suspected bone marrow disorders, or falsely low platelet counts in laboratory tests.

PSA, which stands for prostate-specific antigen, is a naturally occurring enzyme in the body of both healthy and diseased men, which is produced in the prostate gland. Small amounts of PSA can leak into the blood in healthy men and is a factor taken into account when assessing prostate health.

Pt-eGFR (crea) relative is a health marker that helps estimate kidney function and can help identify any diseases or other abnormalities.

Pt-eGFR(mean) relative is a calculated mean value of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on creatinine and cystatin C. It is used to assess renal function in suspected or known renal failure.

Paracetamol is a common pain reliever, but an overdose can lead to severe liver damage. A blood test for P-Paracetamol is taken at least 4 hours after ingestion to assess the risk. At high levels, acetylcysteine is administered as an antidote to prevent damage.

RDW (Red cell distribution width) is a measure of the size variation of erythrocytes (red blood cells). It is used as part of a blood count to assess the presence of anisocytosis, which can provide valuable information in the investigation of anemia and other hematological conditions.

Stockholm3 is a PSA test for the early detection of treatment-requiring prostate cancer by combining several biomarkers and clinical data in an algorithm with the aim of providing a more qualitative risk assessment regarding prostate cancer. And with a higher precision, which results in reducing overdiagnosis and indicating detection of prostate cancer requiring treatment.

It is the medical recommendation given based on a person's Stockholm3 risk score, which is a percentage indicating the risk of having clinically significant prostate cancer.

The Stockholm3 risk score is a numerical value that indicates the probability that a man has clinically significant prostate cancer. The test is analyzed in a central database where a validated model calculates an individual risk.

Biopsy cutoff is the threshold value in the Stockholm3 test risk score that determines whether a man should be further investigated for prostate cancer, in which case this is done, for example, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or prostate biopsy.

S-ACE (Serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) is a biomarker used in the investigation of sarcoidosis and blood pressure regulation. Elevated levels may indicate granulomatous diseases, while low values ​​are seen with ACE inhibitor therapy.

Amylase is an enzyme that reflects the function of the salivary glands and pancreas and is used in the investigation of pain in the face or upper abdomen.

S-CDT, or (carbohydrate-poor transferrin) is a biomarker used to detect long-term and/or high alcohol consumption in combination.

Neuron-specific enolase (S-NSE) is a biomarker used in medicine to assess nerve cell damage and monitor neuroendocrine tumors. S-NSE provides clinically relevant information about cellular damage, prognosis, and treatment response and is particularly significant in the diagnosis of neurological conditions and in prognostic evaluation after cardiac arrest.

When investigating the autoimmune disease celiac disease, an analysis of transglutaminase antibodies of IgA can be done to find out whether the value is high or not.

D-dimer is a marker in the blood that is used to detect or rule out blood clots, such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. An elevated value may indicate that the body has broken down a clot, but it does not always mean that a clot is present. In this article, we will go over what D-dimer is, when the test is used, and how the results are interpreted.

(B)Erc-MCHC stands for "mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration" and represents the mean value of the hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocytes.