What is Fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, overwhelming fatigue, and a range of other symptoms that affect quality of life. The disease is more common in women than men and affects between 2-4% of the population, according to the American College of Rheumatology.
Symptoms of Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder that affects the nervous system's pain regulation. It is a complex and often life-threatening disease that can cause a range of different symptoms, both physical and cognitive. The most prominent symptoms include:
- Chronic and diffuse pain that can move throughout the body, vary in intensity and is triggered by, for example, cold, stress or physical exertion.
- Profound fatigue where sleep does not provide any real recovery.
- Sleep disturbances and difficulties in focusing and thinking clearly, often called "fibro fog".
- Tenderness when pressed on certain points, which can make everyday movements painful.
What causes fibromyalgia?
The cause of fibromyalgia is still unknown, but research indicates that the disease arises from a combination of genetic, neurological and environmental factors. A central aspect is an altered pain regulation in the nervous system, but other biological and psychological mechanisms are also believed to contribute. Some of the theories include:
- Pain regulation in the brain and nervous system works differently in people with fibromyalgia, leading to an increased perception of pain.
- The disease tends to be inherited, suggesting a genetic component.
- Certain infections and physical or psychological trauma have been linked to the onset of fibromyalgia.
- Prolonged stress and hormonal changes, which affect neurotransmitters such as cortisol and serotonin, may contribute to the development of the disease.
How is fibromyalgia diagnosed?
The diagnosis of fibromyalgia is made through a comprehensive clinical assessment, as there are no specific laboratory tests. Doctors base their diagnosis on criteria in which the patient must have had widespread pain in several parts of the body for at least three months, while other medical conditions have been ruled out. Symptoms such as sleep problems, fatigue and cognitive difficulties are also considered in the assessment.
Treatment and management of fibromyalgia
The disease has no cure, but symptoms can be alleviated through a combination of medical treatments, lifestyle changes and alternative therapies. Since the disease affects both the body and the psyche, an individualized strategy is often required where different treatment methods are combined for the best possible effect. The aim of the treatment is to reduce pain, improve sleep quality, manage fatigue and increase quality of life. Below is an overview of the most common treatment options.
Medical treatments
Medications used for fibromyalgia include:
- Pain relievers, such as over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen, but some patients require more specific medications that affect pain control.
- Antidepressants, especially those that affect serotonin and norepinephrine levels, can have a positive effect on both pain and fatigue.
- Antiepileptic drugs, such as pregabalin, have been shown to reduce pain levels in some patients.
Lifestyle changes
Regular physical activity is one of the most effective treatments for fibromyalgia. Low-intensity exercise such as walking, swimming, and stretching can help reduce pain and improve energy levels over time. Stress management through techniques such as yoga, mindfulness, and meditation has also been shown to be helpful. Sleep quality can be improved by maintaining a regular circadian rhythm and creating a calm sleeping environment.
Alternative treatments
Many patients with fibromyalgia experience relief through alternative treatments:
- Acupuncture can reduce pain in some people.
- Massage and physical therapy can help release muscle tension and improve blood circulation.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has also been shown to be effective in managing the psychological challenges that the disease brings.