Causes of Fatty Liver
Fatty liver can have several underlying causes:
- Overweight and Obesity: The most common cause of fatty liver is excess weight, which can lead to fat accumulation in the liver.
- Diabetes and Insulin Resistance: Individuals with type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance are at increased risk of developing fatty liver.
- Alcohol Abuse: Although most people with fatty liver do not overconsume alcohol, excessive alcohol intake can also lead to fatty liver.
- Genetic Factors: Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to developing fatty liver, regardless of lifestyle.
Symptoms of Fatty Liver
Most people with fatty liver experience no symptoms in the early stages, but over time the following symptoms may appear:
- Fatigue and Weakness: Constant fatigue is often reported despite adequate sleep.
- Pain or Discomfort in the Upper Abdomen: Particularly on the right side, where the liver is located.
- Abnormal Blood Tests: Elevated liver enzymes may be detected during routine blood tests.
Diagnosis of Fatty Liver
Fatty liver is usually diagnosed through blood tests that measure liver enzymes, but other methods include:
- Ultrasound: A non-invasive method to visualize fat accumulation in the liver.
- Liver Biopsy: A biopsy may be taken if fibrosis or more advanced liver damage is suspected, to determine the severity of the liver damage.
- Fibrosis Stage: The severity of fibrosis is the key indicator of the future risk of liver function impairment.
Blood Tests for Fatty Liver Evaluation
In diagnosing fatty liver (NAFLD), a range of blood tests is often used to assess liver health. Common tests include ALT and AST, which are liver enzymes that increase with liver damage and inflammation. ALP and GT are used to assess the function of the bile ducts, and elevated levels can indicate bile duct issues sometimes seen in fatty liver. Bilirubin is measured to determine whether the liver can effectively break down and excrete waste products. Blood lipids and glucose levels are also commonly tested, as individuals with fatty liver often have high cholesterol, triglycerides, and are at risk for type 2 diabetes. These tests provide an overview of liver function and help the physician determine the need for further investigations, such as ultrasound or liver biopsy.
Treatment of Fatty Liver
There is no specific medical treatment for fatty liver, but lifestyle changes can make a significant difference:
- Dietary Changes: A balanced diet with fewer calories and more nutrient-rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can reduce fat in the liver.
- Weight Loss: Losing 7-10% of body weight can drastically improve liver health.
- Regular Exercise: Physical activity helps reduce fat accumulation in the liver and improve its function.
- Medical Treatment of Associated Conditions: If you have diabetes or high cholesterol, medical treatment can improve both liver health and overall health.
Preventive Measures to Minimize the Risk of Fatty Liver
Fatty liver can be prevented through healthy lifestyle choices:
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Avoid excess weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise.
- Limit Alcohol Consumption: While most people with fatty liver do not drink heavily, it is important to keep alcohol consumption moderate to protect the liver.
- Regular Health Checkups: Early detection of fatty liver through routine blood tests can prevent serious complications.
Fatty Liver Can Lead to Cirrhosis
It is estimated that about 20 percent of people with fatty liver develop inflammation in the liver, called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This inflammation increases the risk of developing cirrhosis, a serious condition where the liver becomes damaged and no longer functions properly. Of those with NASH, approximately 20 percent are expected to develop cirrhosis. In Sweden, this corresponds to around 45,000 people.