What is Crohn's Disease?
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. It can affect any part of the digestive system, but it most commonly affects the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. Crohn's disease often occurs in episodes, with periods of symptom-free remission followed by periods of active symptoms.
Symptoms of Crohn's Disease
The most common symptoms of Crohn's disease include:
- Diarrhea: Persistent, often with blood or mucus.
- Abdominal pain: Usually occurs after eating and can be intense.
- Fever: Particularly common during active disease flares.
- Weight loss: Due to poor nutrient absorption and loss of appetite.
- Fatigue: Common as the body struggles with chronic inflammation.
Crohn's disease may also cause inflammation in other parts of the body, such as the joints, skin, and eyes.
Causes of Crohn's Disease
The exact cause of Crohn's disease is unknown, but research has identified several contributing factors:
- Genetics: Crohn's disease is more common in people with close relatives who have IBD.
- Immune System: The body's immune system mistakenly attacks the intestinal tissue, causing inflammation.
- Environmental Factors: Smoking, diet, and stress can influence the course of the disease.
What Happens in the Body?
In Crohn's disease, the lining of the intestines becomes inflamed and may develop ulcers. The inflammation often penetrates deep into the intestinal wall, potentially leading to strictures (narrowing of the intestine) and an increased risk of bowel obstruction. A damaged intestinal lining can also reduce nutrient absorption, leading to weight loss, anemia (iron deficiency), and vitamin B12 deficiency.
Who is Affected by Crohn's Disease?
Crohn's disease can affect individuals of all ages, but most people are diagnosed between 15 and 35 years old. It is slightly more common in women, and smokers are at a higher risk of developing the disease.
Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease
Diagnosis is made through examination of the intestinal lining using a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. Tissue samples (biopsies) are taken for microscopic examination. Blood and stool tests can help identify inflammation and measure levels of specific markers associated with intestinal inflammation.
- Blood Tests: Measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP) can indicate inflammation. A complete blood count (CBC) can reveal anemia and signs of infection, often accompanied by deficiencies in iron and vitamin B12 common during active disease.
- Stool Tests: Fecal calprotectin is a stool test that specifically measures intestinal inflammation and helps differentiate between inflammatory and functional gastrointestinal disorders.
- Imaging Tests: Endoscopy, colonoscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to visually examine inflammation and possible complications in the gastrointestinal tract. These methods provide a detailed view of the intestines and help assess the extent and severity of the disease.
Combining these tests allows doctors to gain a clear understanding of inflammation, intestinal health, and possible complications to initiate appropriate treatment.
Treatment of Crohn's Disease
Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms. Common treatments include:
- Anti-inflammatory medications: Corticosteroids and other medications reduce inflammation.
- Immunosuppressive drugs: Help to slow down the immune system's attack on the intestines.
- Biologic therapies: Specialized drugs that neutralize substances driving inflammation.
In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged portions of the intestines or treat strictures. Medical therapy often continues after surgery to prevent future flare-ups.
Lifestyle Tips for Living with Crohn's Disease
Living with Crohn's disease involves managing symptoms and avoiding flares as much as possible. Here are some tips:
- Diet: Choose easily digestible, nutrient-rich foods and avoid foods that worsen symptoms.
- Stress Management: Stress can worsen inflammation, so practices like yoga and meditation may help.
- Small, regular meals: Helps digestion and reduces strain on the intestines.