Causes of migraine
Migraine has various causes and it is often a combination of genetic, neurological and environmental factors. Here are some common causes and factors that can trigger migraine attacks:
Genetics: Migraines have a strong genetic component and people with a family history of migraines are at greater risk of developing them.
Neurological factors: Migraines are thought to be linked to overactivation of certain nerve pathways and an increased sensitivity to stimuli.
Hormonal changes: Many women experience migraines in connection with menstruation, pregnancy or the use of contraceptives.
Dilated blood vessels (vasodilation): During migraine attacks, the blood vessels in the brain can dilate and cause pain. However, this phenomenon is not followed by all migraine patients.
Triggers or triggering factors: Some people have specific triggers that can trigger migraine attacks. Examples of such triggers include certain foods (chocolate, cheese, red wine), lack of caffeine, stress, changes in sleep patterns, bright lights or strong smells.
Migraine symptoms
Migraine symptoms vary from person to person and even from one migraine attack to another. Here are some common symptoms of migraine:
Intense headache: The hallmark of migraine is a severe, throbbing headache often located on one side of the head. The headache can be so intense that it interferes with daily activities.
Aura: Some people experience an aura before or during the migraine attack. An aura is a series of sensory disturbances that may include visual changes such as flashes of light flickering or blind spots. Other aura symptoms may include numbness, tingling or weakness in body parts.
Nausea and vomiting: Migraine attacks are often accompanied by feelings of nausea and sometimes vomiting. This can make it difficult for the person to eat or drink during the attack.
Sensitivity to light, sound and smell: People with migraine can be very sensitive to light (photophobia), sound (phonophobia) and strong smells. These stimuli can worsen the headache and nausea.
Fatigue and weakness: After a migraine attack, the person may feel tired and exhausted. This can be part of the so-called postdromal phase.
Concentration difficulties: Migraine attacks can affect concentration and cognitive functions. It may be difficult to think clearly or focus during an attack.
Neck stiffness or neck pain: Some people experience neck stiffness or neck pain as part of their migraine symptoms.
Sensitivity to movement: In some people, movement such as walking or standing can make migraine symptoms worse.
It is important to note that not all people with migraine experience all of these symptoms and the symptoms can vary in intensity and duration
Migraine treatment
The treatment of migraine usually aims to relieve pain and reduce the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks. There are different approaches to treatment including drugs, lifestyle changes and preventive measures. Here are some common treatment methods:
Acute treatment (in case of an ongoing migraine attack):
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Examples include ibuprofen and naproxen.
Triptans: Special drugs such as sumatriptan and rizatriptan that are designed to relieve migraine symptoms by affecting the blood vessels in the brain.
Antiemetics: Medicines used to relieve nausea and vomiting that can accompany migraines.
Pain relievers: For severe migraine attacks, doctors may prescribe stronger pain relievers.
Preventive treatment (to reduce the number and intensity of migraine attacks):
Beta blockers: Medicines such as propranolol and metoprolol.
Antiepileptics: Medicines such as topiramate and valproate.
Antidepressants: Especially tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline.
Botox injections: For some people with chronic migraines, Botox injections can be used to reduce the frequency of migraine attacks.
Lifestyle changes and self-care:
Identifying and avoiding triggers: Keeping a migraine diary to identify and avoid potential triggers.
Regular sleep: Maintaining a regular sleep rhythm and avoiding sleep deprivation.
Stress management: Using methods such as meditation, deep breathing or relaxation techniques to manage stress.
Diet modification: Avoiding foods or drinks that can be migraine triggers.
Regular exercise: Maintaining a healthy and regular exercise routine.